黄土高原坡面集水工程的抗旱造林技术研究

选取4种不同的坡面集水处理(有机硅、拍光、地衣和草坡)措施,探讨抗旱造林的坡面集水技术对降雨集水量、集水率的影响,以及坡面集水处理对林木生长的影响,旨在为黄土高原地区生态建设提供基础理论依据和具体的抗旱节水造林方案.结果显示,集水量和集水率最大的是有机硅处理面,而后依次是水泥处理面、地衣处理面、拍光处理面和荒草面,从生态角度考虑,地衣处理面最佳.拍光面和地衣面促进林木生长的效果远大于普通面、地衣面促进林木生长的作用大于拍光面的作用.选取6种造林密度条件下刺槐林地的水分利用效率、降水生产效率、蒸散水分生产效率和蒸腾水分生产效率进行对比分析,结果为随着刺槐造林密度的降低,其4种效率均得以提高.     

一个地表-地下径流耦合模型在西苕溪流域的应用

提出了一种地表-地下径流联合模拟的分布式水文模型,该模型综合考虑了地表径流、土壤水、地下径流之间的相互作用和水量交换,更真实地模拟了径流系统。选取太湖西苕溪流域进行了模型的应用研究,采用1km×1 km网格,就1988-2001年横塘村、范家村两水文站逐日、月实测径流资料进行径流模拟,确定了模型的基本参数。从模拟精度、参数需求、模型稳定性、水量平衡等方面分析模型的特点,研究表明:该模型参数相对简单,模拟精度较高,耦合运行稳定、快速,水量平衡分析详尽。模型可用作地表-地下径流相互作用、流域水量平衡分析和水资源管理的有效计算工具。     

氮素形态配比对玉米氮素积累及转运的影响

通过田间试验,研究6种(N_1~N_6)硝态氮与铵态氮配比处理对旱地全膜双垄沟播玉米植株氮素积累、转运、氮素利用及子粒产量的影响。结果表明,单施硝态氮时玉米的养分吸收、氮素利用及产量均最低。N6(硝态氮与铵态氮3∶1配比)处理下玉米全生育期氮素积累量最高,氮素吸收强度较单施硝态氮处理高55.19%~73.28%(P0.05),该处理下叶片和茎中氮素转移量较单施硝态氮处理高78.99%和93.52%(P0.05);叶片和茎中分别有66.50%~71.89%和43.44%~55.59%的氮素转移到子粒中;叶片和茎对子粒的氮素贡献率分别较单施硝态氮处理高43.80%和56.00%(P0.05);玉米子粒产量、氮素吸收效率及氮肥偏生产力较其他处理显著增加3.31%~9.94%、4.62%~33.89%和3.31%~9.93%。硝态氮和铵态氮配施对玉米的养分吸收有明显的促进作用,提高硝态氮的施用比例有利于提高玉米叶片和茎对子粒氮素的贡献率,硝态氮与铵态氮按3∶1比例配施有利于提高当地玉米子粒产量。     

基于集水区法的森林生态系统影响径流研究进展

森林生态系统结构复杂, 具有减少地表径流、调节河川流量、减小土壤侵蚀等一系列保护环境的功能。森林植被变化对森林水文过程的影响会改变水量平衡方程的各个变量, 从而影响森林流域的水分分配和河川径流量, 进而对陆地生态系统水分循环起到重要的调节作用。从森林结构、森林类型、森林覆盖率和森林经营4个方面总结了国内外基于集水区法研究森林生态系统影响径流的结论, 即小流域的研究结果认为森林的减少将增加河川径流量, 而大流域的研究结果认为森林的减少将减少河川径流量。最后指出, 在研究单位和研究项目合作研究的基础上, 结合各相关学科的新兴技术和研究设备, 通过整合相关学科的研究成果, 阐明森林生态系统水土保持过程与机理, 是今后森林生态系统水文服务功能研究的发展方向。     

国内主要流域侵蚀产沙模型评述

流域侵蚀产沙模型是国际土壤侵蚀研究的重点领域之一,国内以往进行了较多研究,建立了许多模型。正确分析和评价这些模型对于合理地使用它们进行流域侵蚀产沙预报和水土保持规划等工作具有重要意义。从研究方法、模型结构、模型中各参数的确定等方面对我国主要流域侵蚀产沙经验模型和具有一定成因的模型进行了分析,并在此基础上对各模型进行了评价。     

Water balance characteristics of Kashima plateau basins assuming variable areas of underground catchments

Agricultural water use on upland fields depends mainly on precipitation and irrigation by small wells in the Kashima plateau basins. To establish a stable supply of water for irrigated upland fields, an evaluation of water-cycle mechanisms on an arable plateau near plain lakes is important. Previous research suggests that groundwater catchments do not necessarily coincide with the corresponding surface catchments in the plateau basins. However, a physical mechanism of groundwater movement has not yet been clearly demonstrated. In this paper, therefore, we aimed to estimate the areas of groundwater catchments that did not coincide with their corresponding surface catchments, by observing groundwater flow in boreholes and by evaluating water balances of four small basins on the Kashima plateau. As a result, hydrological and groundwater observations in the Kashima-Kohoku basin showed: (1) the groundwater catchment was larger than the surface catchment, as inferred from continuous groundwater observations and the observed directions of groundwater flow, (2) groundwater potential may change after intensive rains, especially after precipitation events of more than 50 mm, and (3) estimates of the long-term water balance confirmed that groundwater flowed into the surface catchment from the outside. The area of the Kashima-Kohoku groundwater catchment was 1.3–2.4 times the area of the surface catchment. Furthermore, the same result was obtained for two other basins.     

Improving water use efficiency as part of integrated catchment management

Sustainable agricultural development requires technologies and practices that make more efficient and productive use of resources and an enabling environment that encourages the adoption of these technologies. Many institutions and international agencies are showing considerable interest in integrated catchment management (ICM) as a practical means of improving the management of water resources, reducing environmental degradation and promoting sustainable agricultural development. This paper outlines some of the main components of ICM and lists some of the prerequisites for establishing collective responsibility for, in particular, groundwater resources. This paper also discusses the extent to which programmes of ICM can be used as a means of conserving water resources and improving water use efficiency and productivity at the farm and catchment scales.     

复合坡度下雨水高效集蓄利用模式研究

通过复合坡面人工模拟降雨径流冲刷试验,研究了2种雨强下4种下垫面模式的坡面径流调控效应,从产流时间、侵蚀量、径流量以及泥沙含量等方面分析了径流调控的机理。结果表明:帕特草+PAM是一种理想的措施,其坡面径流量和侵蚀量均最小,较裸地对照(CK)分别提高了93.02%和98.13%,其次是帕特草+地孔,PAM+地孔;单纯在裸地上打地孔的坡面径流调控效果较裸地对照效果不明显。坡度对不同下垫面复合措施的影响甚微,而降雨强度对其影响却极为显著。坡面雨水的集蓄利用复合措施与水土保持综合治理模式改变了坡面的小地形状况,增加了植物(作物)覆盖度,加大了降水的入渗速率和数量,对黄土高原的水资源有效利用具有理论指导作用。     

流域“健康”诊断指标——一种生态环境评价的新方法

介绍了澳大利亚学者建立的流域环境质量评价指标体系及其评价过程。该方法利用１０项环境背景指标来分析流域的总体质量或功能水平,１０项环境趋势指标以及９项土地生产力和经济效益指标来分析流域环境质量变化的趋势。通过这些指标体系所揭示主要的环境问题,为环境管理提供依据。     

Participatory soil and water conservation planning using a financial analysis tool in the West Usambara highlands of Tanzania

Despite decades of soil and water conservation (SWC) efforts in Tanzania, the adoption of the recommended SWC measures by farmers is minimal. In the past, SWC plans did not incorporate farmers' knowledge, and the economics of SWC was not given much attention at the planning stage. This research evaluated the applicability of two tools for participatory soil erosion mapping using farmers' indicators of soil erosion and financial analysis of SWC measures at the planning stage. The two tools were evaluated in Kwalei catchment in the West Usambara highlands, Tanzania. The participatory soil erosion‐mapping tool uses farmers' indicators of soil erosion to identify, classify and map soil erosion at the catchment level. The financial analysis tool involves farmers in a stepwise analysis of the costs and benefits of SWC measures before the implementation. The erosion‐mapping tool increased farmers' awareness on the severity of soil erosion problems, and they realised the need for SWC plans at both field and catchment scales. With the financial analysis tool farmers participated in the cost and benefits analysis and were able to select SWC options that were feasible under their socio‐economic situation. The two tools were able to demonstrate that farmers' participation in SWC planning increases the acceptance of SWC measures because they solve problems that are perceived by themselves. The financial analysis tool demonstrated how farmers could make selection of SWC measures that are feasible under their biophysical and economic condition if they are informed about the costs and benefits. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.